Gestión del riesgo de desastres y formación de competencias en prevención: revisión sistemática de políticas públicas en países andinos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17247469Resumen
La gestión del riesgo de desastres (GRD) se ha consolidado como una prioridad global y regional, especialmente en los países andinos expuestos a amenazas geológicas y climáticas. Este artículo analiza las políticas públicas orientadas a la prevención e identifica enfoques, brechas y oportunidades para fortalecer las competencias técnicas, institucionales y comunitarias frente a los desastres. El estudio adopta un enfoque cualitativo, basado en una revisión sistemática bajo el protocolo PRISMA, centrada en políticas públicas sobre gestión del riesgo y formación de competencias en países andinos. Se revisaron 842 registros procedentes de Scopus, Web of Science y SciELO; tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron 25 estudios para el análisis. Los hallazgos muestran que las políticas de gestión del riesgo en la región priorizan la reducción de la vulnerabilidad y el fortalecimiento de las capacidades institucionales mediante marcos normativos, coordinación interinstitucional, participación comunitaria y cooperación internacional. La formación en prevención articula educación y acción comunitaria, logrando avances técnicos y operativos cuya sostenibilidad depende de la inversión y de la estabilidad institucional. Se concluye que las políticas de gestión del riesgo en los países andinos enfrentan brechas normativas, limitaciones presupuestarias, déficit de personal técnico y una coordinación interinstitucional discontinua. Además, la participación comunitaria resulta insuficiente y la evaluación carece de indicadores claros. Superar estas limitaciones requiere marcos integrados, financiamiento estable, monitoreo permanente y un mayor fortalecimiento técnico e institucional.
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