Sensores y aplicaciones de IoT en entornos agrícolas: mapeo sistemático
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https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15809119Palabras clave:
agricultura de precisión, desarrollo sostenible, sensoresResumen
La presente investigación realizó un mapeo sistemático de la literatura científica sobre sensores y aplicaciones de IoT en la agricultura, con el objetivo de identificar las principales líneas de desarrollo, sus beneficios y las barreras para su adopción. Se aplicó la metodología de Petersen y Kitchenham, utilizando el marco PICOC para diseñar la búsqueda en bases de datos como Scopus, IEEE Xplore, Taylor & Francis y Sage Journals, considerando estudios originales publicados entre 2019 y 2024. De 1,862 registros iniciales, se seleccionaron 59 artículos tras aplicar criterios de inclusión relacionados con descripción técnica, análisis de ventajas y limitaciones, e impacto en sostenibilidad. El análisis bibliométrico mostró un crecimiento constante en las publicaciones, con Asia y Europa como principales focos. La síntesis temática reveló que los sistemas de riego inteligente concentran el 28 % de las contribuciones, seguidos por el monitoreo de cultivos (17 %) y los sistemas de alerta temprana (10 %). En contraste, áreas como fertilización inteligente y conservación de la biodiversidad están poco exploradas. Los estudios reportan mejoras significativas en eficiencia hídrica y energética, y reducción de la huella ambiental. Sin embargo, persisten limitaciones técnicas como la vida útil limitada de baterías, calibraciones frecuentes y heterogeneidad de protocolos, además de escasa evaluación socioeconómica. En conclusión, aunque el IoT tiene un gran potencial para una agricultura más sostenible y resiliente, su impacto a gran escala requiere avances en autonomía energética, estandarización de comunicaciones y estudios costo-beneficio que faciliten su adopción en pequeñas explotaciones rurales.
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